Despite knowing where and when people hunt, Canada geese don’t flee far

UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — Geese appear to understand when and where hunting takes place but are willing to risk the danger to stay close to resources and their primary habitats, according to a new study led by researchers at Penn State.

In findings recently published in Landscape Ecology, the researchers reported that when managing a mixed landscape wildlife management area (WMA) comprising cropland, forest, lake and wetlands for both waterfowl and human use, providing sufficient spatial refuge for geese may help buffer the effects of hunting.

“Canada geese — many of which are non-migratory in Pennsylvania — account for about half of the total harvest of waterfowl within the state of Pennsylvania, however, we know very little about how resident geese respond to hunting pressure on Middle Creek and Pymatuning WMAs and similar areas across the country,” said team leader Frances Buderman, assistant professor of quantitative wildlife ecology in the College of Agricultural Sciences. “We looked at whether hunting pressure on these sites is causing geese to leave the WMAs.”

The Pennsylvania Game Commission maintains two WMAs specifically managed for waterfowl: Pymatuning WMA in the northwest corner of the state and Middle Creek WMA in the southeast. One of the primary beneficiaries of the habitat management conducted on the WMAs are the resident Canada geese that spend the entire year in Pennsylvania. At both properties the agency maintains stationary waterfowl-hunting blinds, which are allocated to duck and goose hunters via a lottery system.

Because the properties are intended to provide seemingly opposite services — maintain wildlife habitat, including attracting and holding waterfowl, and offer recreation, including providing hunting opportunities that may drive the birds away — it has been uncertain how resident geese perceive the available habitat. To inform management, a Penn State research team studied how hunting affects waterfowl behavior and habitat selection on WMAs.

During periods of active hunting, the researchers found, the geese didn’t fly far. They explained that geese are likely relying on both a cognitive map of risks — a “landscape of fear,” the researchers called it — and an awareness of the timing of danger — a “schedule of fear,” according to the researchers — to navigate their environment and make decisions about the trade-offs among refuges, resources and habitats. The finding that the resident geese employed short-term abandonment of hunted locations to avoid predation, but maintained long-term fidelity to the WMAs, surprised the researchers and ran counter to findings from similar waterfowl studies, Buderman said.

To monitor the behavior of geese, the researchers trapped a total of 134 females on 9,661-acre Pymatuning and 6,207-acre Middle Creek WMAs and fitted them with GPS collars to track the birds’ movements over two hunting seasons. During that time, they collected 7.4 million observed locations from the 134 geese.

Buderman added that the results indicate that if geese find sufficient refuge — pockets of habitat where they can shield themselves from exposure — within a hunted area, they are not likely to abandon a WMA, even temporarily. 

“Many aspects of wildlife biology are simultaneously centered on two types of objectives: supporting the population of the animal and supporting human activities, such as maximizing recreational opportunities, which can include hunting,” Buderman said. “It turns out the WMAs, which are being managed by the Game Commission for hunted species, including Canada geese, really are serving their twofold purpose — to provide habitat for the species throughout its life-cycle and to provide opportunities for hunters.”

Hunter satisfaction is important to agencies like the Game Commission, Buderman noted, saying that satisfied hunters support wildlife and habitat programs, which ultimately support the conservation of hunted and non-hunted species.

“In terms of waterfowl hunters nationwide, they’re some of the biggest contributors through their required purchase of a federal Duck Stamp,” she said, explaining that federal Duck Stamps are conservation revenue stamps, with 98% of the purchase prices going directly to help acquire and protect wetland habitat and purchase conservation easements for the National Wildlife Refuge System.

Karen Beatty, who recently graduated from Penn State with a master’s degree in ecology, spearheaded this study. Nathaniel Huck, former waterfowl biologist for the Pennsylvania Game Commission, contributed to the research.

Funding for this research was provided by the Pennsylvania Game Commission and the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture.